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The mid-11th century, Duke William of Normandy in France with the great British lord Harold had to fight a war the British throne, known to history as Norman conquest. The war marked the end of the Anglo-Saxon times, but also Western Europe, with Britain once again between the general social integration. It ended with the victory of William, on the development of British history had a profound impact. Britain in Europe outside the northwestern coast of the Atlantic Ocean, composed from the British Isles, history has repeatedly been the impact from the mainland. The first is the Roman invasion to the British Legion began the process of involvement of Western civilization. Since then, the Anglo-Saxon Germanic tribes settled the British Isles, opened the nation-state in British history of the gradual formation of a new era and feudal. After the 8th century AD, living in Scandinavia and the Baltic Norman began expanding aggressively overseas. Norman (Normans) means "northerners" (Northmen), and the Danes of the same race. 9-10 century Danish invasion of England, some of the Northeast, while others are invaded northern France in the northwest. 9 mid-century, the Normans invaded and occupied the North East region and to establish their own kingdom. 911 years, the Norman leader Rollon part of the territory occupied France, the establishment of Duchy of Normandy, and has been recognized in France. Norman acknowledged that the French client relationship. Later, Norman Christian, the absorption of French culture, or even abandon their language and learning French. To the 11th century, the culture is mainly Norman French culture. The beginning of the 11th century, England and Normandy are all very close. King Edward grew up in Normandy education. The mother is the nobility of Normandy. In 1066 Edward died without issue. British aristocrat the Duke William of Normandy Harold and launched a battle for the throne. September 27, 1066 midnight, William's expedition came quietly, they did not encounter any resistance landing in Pevensey Bay. At this point, the southeast coast of England to open its door until London are not heavily guarded, as Harold is being held in York to calm the civil strife and celebration. William Harold learned that immediately after the news of the invasion back in London. However, the result of a sudden, large-scale mobilization of Harold too late, only without the full strength of hands rest more than 5,000 engaged William. October 13 in Hastings the night of the two sides met to start a battle. Harold Weldon choose the highest mountain in the Mountain Division, as the high command back seat of the bodyguard deployed in the peak on both sides, constitute a solid central defense, while the militia guarded by two wings. Spear, ax infantry, shoulder by shoulder, shield by shield constitutes tight phalanx. William will be the army into the left-right three-way, each road was divided into three squares, the first line of archers, and the second line is the heavy infantry, the third line is horsemen. He personally directed the ???? central government soldiers in Normandy, and the pope gave the team before playing the "holy flag." At 9 o'clock on the 14th, horn went off everywhere, the battle begins. Norman aligned along the slope to the top forward. When the two armies approaching, the Norman archers start shooting in England by virtue of shields protect body, using spears, javelins, axes to attack the enemy. British commanding, sharp weapons, so Norman was seriously injured. William left wing began to retreat down the hill, the central back Norman also affected. In the confusion, William fell off the horse, but he immediately restore calm to leap onto the other horse, shouted to his men to attack the call issued. Normans rallied, under the command of William, the former by the cavalry, infantry then launched a second offensive to the British. The results are still unable to break through the other intensive defense. At this time, William changed tactics, using pretend to be defeated enemy to divert the strong favorable position, the Normans retreated back bottom, up the hill until the enemy pursuit, the condescending and condemn it. Harold did not see through this trick, when the loss of soldiers chasing pack will, strength weakened. William seized the aircraft to launch the final offensive. Harold was killed by arrows, the British into confusion, crumble. Battle of Hastings to William's complete victory. William Cheng-sheng has run his troops, and occupied Canterbury, ?????, Sylvain, Guildford, etc., then they swept the north. London, William said to yield to surrender on behalf of, and instructions from his king. 1066 Christmas, William was crowned in Westminster Abbey for the king of England. Norman Conquest to William's victory ended the war, marked the beginning of the Norman dynasty in British history. Norman Conquest is an advanced social group on the war in backward social groups. William's victory in mainland Western Europe the feudal system not only migrate to the United Kingdom, and in the economic, social, cultural, military, and changed the face of the UK, the British mainland China with Western Europe is more closely integrated. William I (1066-1087 years) confiscated most of the defeat, fled and was killed in the Anglo-Saxon nobles of the land, and then packet to their own bodyguard, Elegance, and Normandy to the clergy and nobility. He, like the mainland European practice, the formulation of a feudal hierarchy. August 1, 1086, William held in the Salisbury Oath of Allegiance General Assembly to require all British lord on his line of "surrender ceremony." To find out the country's economic situation, to determine land tax and the feudal vassal obligations, William in 1086 appointed a special committee investigating the land within the UK, household population, feudal lords and serfs, Estate of the situation, in the second compiled in "Land Taxes and Investigation Manual." As the investigation process was rigorous, exhaustive and detailed inventory of items, people likened it to face the "Last Judgement", as the investigation said the book as "Doomsday Book" (Domesday Book). It will simplify the various Dependant Whelan and frontier farmers, the main component of the serf class. Whelan is to have about 30 acres of land holdings of the serfs, you can use the estate's farm and forest land, labor services per week, 3-4 days for the Lord, to pay rent in kind and money rents, including the burden of inheritance tax, marriage tax, the size of even a different taxes, including tax. Their civil cases to be heard in the manor court. Whelan accounted for 38% of the total UK population. Frontier Agriculture accounts for 32%, about five acres of land owned, they must serve labor day week, when the increase in busy, the same obligation to pay all tax. http://www.ynroewe.com/bbs/boke.asp?kicksf.showchannel.0.262.html http://www.tznvs.com/bbs/boke.asp?kicksf.showchannel.0.799.html http://www.apimc.cn/bbs/boke.asp?kicksf.showchannel.0.466.html Norman conquest of another consequence of the strengthening of the British throne, William I, the British aristocracy not only suppress the rebellion, and effective rule of the country. According to "Domesday Book" provides the materials, enjoy the 170 title of nobility of the Norman outsiders, possession of England for nearly half of all rent (£ 7.3 million pounds in 3). The nobles, with their subordinates, client, attendants, about a million people. King William and the size of the feudal relationship between a master and slave, and thus become the core of the whole structure of feudal rule. He not only depend on strengthening the royal nobility of Normandy, and the appointment of Norman as a large number of senior posts in the Church of England, and to the National 1 / 4 of the land bestowed to the church. Meanwhile, senior clerics also undertaken to provide military service for the king, prayer and consultation obligations. When he nominated a new bishop, the first bishop to accept surrender and allegiance, and then give the ring a symbol of religious power and the right to battle, then the formal inauguration.

German National People's Congress in the wave of migration, the military leader Sali An Franks Clovis has established a strong Frankish kingdom, and began Merovingian dynasty (named after Clovis's grandfather Merovingian ,481-752 years) rule. Merovingian dynasty of Frankish possession of Gaul when large tracts of land, was the most powerful country in Western Europe. But the domestic elite often soldier dead weight, set off civil war, leading to secession. ????? reign (629-639), the land once unified, political slightly clear, the situation is also more stable. But after him, Merovingian dynasty of 12 kings lazy by nature, not as political affairs, was historian called the "idle king", the result is the royal palace changed hands because of the expanding phase. Mayor of the Palace was originally the palace steward, but the king's servant. ?????? However, the status of its prominent, gradually helm confidential, not only control the internal affairs, has become the supreme military leader. 678 years of the Palace Pepin ????? over other rivals, becoming only the Palace. 715, Pepin's son Charles Martel successor of the Palace. He crowned Merovingian family Keluotaier IV as a puppet of his own to the Palace and the Duke of Austrasia as real power. After the ruling, he led his army defeated the Arab invasion of Saxony, and to enhance their prestige. Charles Martel is also actively implementing fief system, the unconditional change in the original land grant system closure, received the national title of nobility and fiefdoms (fief) the size of the lord must be loyal to Charles, military service for the condition, and the proceeds of the land only for me to enjoy, not hereditary. For children and grandchildren inherit, must re-perform a glimpse of the ceremony, reaffirmed allegiance to the relationship. This reform gave birth to chivalry, Frank enhanced military power, but also replace the Merovingian Carolingian dynasty laid the foundation. 742, Charles Martel's son Pepin Dwarf successor of the Palace. He further expanded the absence of feudal fief, the development of its own strength, but stop the expropriation of church land, so that the relationship between the monarchy and the church to improve and develop. At that time Christianity is the religious belief in Europe in general, after the German ministries south the general acceptance of Christianity. 751 years of Soissons meeting, dwarf Pepin in the aristocrats, especially the pope's support of the deposed Merovingian king ????? III, self-reliance for the Frankish king (751-768 years), thus beginning the Carolingian dynasty rule. In return for the support of the pope, Pepin twice threatened to send troops to attack papal Lombard people, and the conquest from Ravenna to Rome, the land given to the Pope, known to history as "Pepin offering soil," which laid the Papal States basis, from the Carolingian dynasty and the Pope ties are growing. Carolingian ruler Charles the second generation (reigned 768-814), also known as Charlemagne, meaning Charlemagne, his feudal lords led four expeditions to the throne after the establishment of a vast central and western regions include Europe, the Frankish Empire. 774, Charles defeated Lombard who controlled northern Italy, and later crossed the Pyrenees, in the Ebu Luo River east of the region to establish "the Spanish border." Charles also sent troops to Bavaria, the Danube into the upper reaches of the Kingdom of the territory, and continue to attack the Avar Khanate, established in the Danube River, "the East Mark", the area developed into Austria. Charles Saxon war is conducted by the most intense life, the longest war of conquest. 33 years, he has launched 18 large-scale offensive, the final affirmation of the lower Rhine to the Elbe between the rule of large areas, to promote Frank's northern border to the Baltic shore. Charlie's blood and iron in the conquest, the Frankish territory east to the Elbe, ???? Danube, south Ebu Luo River, north to the North Sea, including the Italian peninsula south of the northern and central part of its territory size can be compared with the old Roman Empire. 799, Pope III, the Roman nobility established by Austrian-by, to Charlie Qi Yuan. Charles rate army troops into Rome, the pope returned to power. 800 years of Christmas, Li Ao Charles III was crowned in ????? cathedral, called "Roman Emperor." Charlie from Western history books say the "Charlemagne" (meaning Charlemagne), the Frankish kingdom known as "Charlie Empire" or "Gallo Lindi Guo." In order to rule the vast territory of the Frankish Empire, Charlemagne took earldom and Xunan Shi College System. He Aachen for the Royal Park, the world designated as 98 administrative regions, each set count 1; several set on top of the Duke of Earl area, special handling military affairs. In addition, he also sent Xunan Shi dispatched District, on behalf of the emperor visited the local, monitoring the count. In the center, the composition of the conclave by the courtier, Auxiliary Chief Charlie daily, each held a meeting by the Duke, Count, bishop, abbot to participate in the noble General Assembly to determine the plan of militarism. Charlemagne reuse through Schwimmer quite a number of clerics, or decree ordered the drafting of documents, participation in central confidential; or send it as Ombudsman, visited places; sometimes ordered as a diplomatic envoy, to visit countries. http://www.chinatranslation.org/BBS/boke.asp?kicksf.index.html http://www.gongfa.net/bbs/boke.asp?kicksf.showchannel.0.247.html http://www.yxsalon.com/boke.asp?kicksf.showchannel.0.43.html Charlemagne on education is also very concerned about. To change the situation of Germans and cultural backwardness, he take the lead in reading and study and master the Latin and Greek, and invited the learned scholar to give lectures in the palace set off, including the preparation of grammar, rhetoric and other books of the Anglo - Saxon Al Qin, "Lombard man history," a book on Charlemagne for Paul and for the transfer of Einhard. Charlie has also set up a number of bishops school, or force children to attend school noble purpose was to foster communication and management of the national Christian talent. He also ordered the collection of classical literature and early Christian literature, transcripts of people to copy, calligraphy and the pursuit of art, writing beautiful, creating the famous Carolingian regular script. In Charlemagne's active advocacy, many churches and monasteries established schools. Monastery established library of works and the early Middle Ages Fathers historical writings, and even include some classical works. Charlemagne also identified a European best architects, craftsmen, sculptors simulation Byzantine style built monasteries and churches, Loiret Japanese Erminilei Prairie church that is representative of this era. All this once again making cultural dim dawn of Western Europe. Charlemagne created a monarch in Europe promoting good habits of learning, on later European monarchs had a great influence. While Charlemagne's cultural achievements Liufang later, but after his death his empire was built by his grandson, soon split into three countries.

1,2 turn of the century AD, Rome entered a period of great prosperity. Pompeii is a microcosm of former glory of Rome. Pang Beixi coastal water was deep blue Bay of Naples, north of Mount Vesuvius towering steep. The flow of the Sarno River around the Bay of Naples and Pompeii had to connect from the Roman Empire and the world trade, so that merchants gathered in the city of Pompeii. Here fertile soil, pleasant climate, rich products, in rows of kind of the vintage and the olive, the Pompeii were planted with cereals, vegetables, figs and rosemary. But is such a city, he was the sudden volcanic eruption buried in deep, until the 18th century, was brought to light. Pompeii's development began in the eighth century BC, before the leaves, until the 1st century BC, Rome became an autonomous city, population about two million. Pompeii area of about 1.5 square kilometers, there are stone walls around the puzzle, circumference 4.8 km, a total of eight gates. City 4 Main Street was well shaped, on both sides of the sidewalk, walking the middle car, stone pavement on deep track on left, shows a busy scene of the year. All intersections have a pool with marble, decorated with beautiful statues, crystal-clear spring water pool in store. Elevated water tank through the spring lead to the city from the highest point just outside the tower, then each public pool and water tower into the house giants. Southwestern city has a rectangular plaza, the city's most magnificent buildings, ???? such as government, courts, large temples are all located around the square. Large size of government, with the Chamber, for prominent figures of the work. Court is a two-story rectangular building, where not only the administration of justice, but also for business people to sign trade contracts. Northeast Plaza is the mall. Find out from the situation, where row upon row of shops, an array of goods, business is booming. There is a fruit shop, the shelves stocked with variety of fruits such as walnuts, chestnuts, figs and so on. Although the age-old, but faintly discernible shape. There is also a bakery baked bread, still clearly above the name of the owner. The southeast corner of the city is the grand-scale arena and theater, often Gladiator games and other entertainment activities held here. The city of Pompeii Roman arena is the existing one of the oldest arena can accommodate 2 million people, is just to accommodate the residents of the city. In Pompeii's Gladiator schools, dig out 63 Click the lock body of gladiators wearing skeleton, obviously, in the catastrophe, no one would consider their safety, so they were buried alive. Difference in wealth between the Roman people, poor people can only live in substandard apartments, traders and nobility, had enjoyed the magnificent mansion and flocks of slaves. The ruins at Pompeii, preserved in many wealthy homes. Residential doors are carved marble columns and the gate. Establish corridors and garden statue of a god and beast. Wall murals and floor mosaics are very beautiful. Have a strong flavor of life mural depicts the time metal technology, manufacturing spices, flower, grape growing and dyeing industries production process. Another mural above long with three fairy wings are carefully picking flowers in a variety of flowers. At the time, to public baths bath is an integral part of everyday life, so baths with marble, and the design is very detailed, changing rooms, massage room, beauty room and everything evil. Bath with hot and cold water pipes can adjust the water temperature. There is also the President at the innermost private bath. One can imagine that the people of Pompeii at that time, has achieved wealth. Pompeii were relying on the superior natural environment and live prosperous life. Until the moment of the disaster, Pompeii people do not know, the fertile soil beneath them is a gift not far from volcano. Pompeii people do not know, this has been gathering strength for several hundred years when volcanic eruptions, they all will have been destroyed in an instant. http://sites.blockstar.com/zada1/blogs/ http://www.mytripjournal.com/zada1 http://www.totsites.com/tot/zada1 AD 79 midnight on August 23, Mount Vesuvius erupted. Suddenly the sky darkened, the earth shook, and even calm billow from the Bay of Naples is also surging waves. Spray from the lava, solidified into rocks when landing. A lot of stones and ash, the volcano near the ground is all covered up. Then it began to rain, caused flash floods. Flood laden with stones and ash, forming a huge debris flow, irresistibly pouring down to Pompeii. Pompeii were appalled by the stampede in the streets. People have been hit by falling boulders, falling volcanic debris pile up constantly, again and again overwhelmed by the collapse of buildings. Jumping waves of magma gas grill with leftover remnant roadside houses and people are still hiding in there. Then, the black volcanic ash from the volcano over the rolling, airtight seal block to the city of Pompeii each door, every window, sealing block those attacks in the gravel of the lucky people survived Pompeii eyes and chest, so that they eventually died of suffocation. Other toxic gases produced by volcanic eruptions are many causes of death.

Christianity and Buddhism, Islam, listed as the world's three major religions. Christianity around the 1st century AD 20 - 30 years produced a small Asian and other places in the Diaspora of the Jewish lower classes among the people and soon spread rapidly throughout the Roman Empire. Christian legend, Jesus of Nazareth founded to, so Christians believe in God, worship Jesus as "savior." "Savior" of the intention to apply to Holy anointing oil of God sent to save the world but the angel in the general said in Hebrew "Messiah", the Greek called "Christ", named for the education on this. Christianity first appeared in the middle of the Jewish people is the lower of its historical roots. Jews have experienced the catastrophe in history, suffered hardships. They live in the Palestinian areas by the Assyrians in the 8th century BC, heavily ravaged, to New Babylon in 586 BC destroyed the Jewish kingdom, a large number of Jewish residents in captivity to Babylon (part of the enslaved Jews), which is called "Babylon the prisoners." 538 BC, the Persian New Babylon destroyed, allowing the Jews to return home. After the fall of the Persian Empire, Jews, then fell into the Seleucid kingdom under the rule. In 165 BC, the Jews had set off in the struggle under the leadership of Judah Maccabi, once won independence. Rome conquered Palestine in AD 63, Jews again suffering under Roman rule in AD 66, the 132 has repeatedly staged a major uprising, are brutally suppressed. Or who have been killing Jews, or their homes. Subjugation and defeat to the Jewish people feel despair, as early as the 2nd century BC, the Jewish residents of a popular spread the lower the "savior" was coming to a secret sect, in a small Jewish population throughout Asia appeared many missionary of "The Prophet . " Christianity is the sect from the new formed. Christianity as an ideology, but also its specific source of thought. ?????? In doctrine and canon, the Christian inheritance and absorption, including the ancient Eastern religions, including Judaism and classical Greek philosophy, a series of spiritual wealth. Early Christian "savior" concept and the idea of God is clearly enshrined in a come from Judaism. Greek and Roman philosophy, school of Philo's doctrine of Alexandria, Stoic philosophy and ethics of former Knicks sent the formation of Christianity also have important implications. Philo doctrine of "logos" (the intermediary between God and man) with the "savior" thinking combined. Stoic everyone is a slave of God, in God the idea of equality before and patient compliance, the spirit of penance, asceticism, fatalism views are provided for the mental element of Christianity. In matters of faith, Christianity holds that God created the heavens and the earth, but also created human beings, the supreme master of the universe. Humans innately guilty of "original sin" and must rely on God and he sent the savior "Jesus" of salvation. Manifestation of God to save humanity, so that unmarried and pregnant Virgin Mary gave birth to Jesus. Him as the messenger of God came into the world, recruited 12 disciples, missionary in Palestine, distress the poor and needy, and later as disciple Judas betray the victims, but was resurrected three days after death (that day being the Day of Judgement) manifestation, and then ascended to heaven. According to legend, in the apocalyptic Second Coming of Jesus into the world, destroying evil, rebuild happy "millennium kingdom." Christian classic is "the Bible", including "Old Testament" and "New Testament" 2. "Old Testament" was originally the Jewish scriptures, after being accepted by Christians. 2nd century AD, the Apostle compiled the "Gospel", circulating since the "Mark", "Matthew" "Luke" and "John" of four, and constitute "New Testament" of the main content. Heaven thinking reflects the view of the early Christian community, one against the rich, greedy and tyrannical rule of Rome; one simple ideas of social equality. The latter is reflected in the religious, the so-called human beings are equal before God and everyone is guilty, God save people who endure human suffering, death heaven country. The earliest Christians mostly slaves, were released slaves, artisans, urban poor and other underprivileged people. They organize small-scale urban communes, to cross the mark of property there over the lives of believers gathering together all equal, and sermons, ???? prayers, dinner and mutual assistance. Apostle is the organizer of this commune, missionary people, collecting donations for the commune Xu Yong. Commune leaders are elders and deacons, and later additional financial oversight. To 2 end of the century, the city set up communes gradually joining the church. From early Christian thought and activities, mainly the lower people's pursuit of equality and freedom of social movement. They oppose the Roman rule, not the old Roman gods, not worship the emperor, which were brutally suppressed. AD 64, Emperor Nero had a massive Christian persecution, killing many Christians. To the mid-3rd century AD, the Roman Empire all over the turbulent uprising, continuous. Roman persecution of Christians intensified government to ban Christian worship, confiscation of their property, killing preacher. However, failure to stop the political persecution and the rapid development of Christianity. From the latter half of the 2nd century AD onwards, the rapid spread of Christianity, there are products of urban and rural middle class residents (handicraft workshop owners, merchants, wealthy farmers, etc.) and other property owners have also join the church. These people suffer in varying degrees due to the damage of slavery crisis felt hopeless panic, and then turned to the establishment of the Christian church from the commune, the Rome, about 5% of the population into the teaching of the Church's power to produce in it the mental dependency. Local churches to facilitate the traders, craftsmen's business activities. Property owners to join the church, changed the social composition of early Christianity, so that Christian ideas and organizations change. They donated to the church property, with more cultural education, and therefore a greater impact in the Church, and gradually achieved a leading position. Meanwhile, the early Christian fraternity that equality, solidarity, hostility toward the rich, against the spirit of Rome gradually disappeared, and persuade people to tame, love enemies as yourself, in the hope the doctrine of the afterlife, were referred to the primary position, and even to promote not only to obey good owner, the owner must submit to strict, "the kingdom to the king, the kingdom of heaven to God" and other ideas. Thus, half of the 2nd century, Christianity through evolution, the dominant force is rich, and his master. http://www.livestrong.com/profile/zada1/ http://zada1.searchmyindia.in/ http://zada1.ublogg.com/ In the third century, Christianity has been more rapid development. And combating the slave by the shock, large landowners, big merchants, bureaucrats, and even the emperor's relatives, some to join Christianity. Church development, the Roman, Byzantine, Carthage, Alexandria and other cities, to become the center of their churches in the region, and gradually developed into a leading area churches church superiors. Church leadership to the hands of large property owners, the Christian thus losing the religious nature of the oppressed, and gradually evolved into the hands of the exploiting class tools. AD 392, Emperor Theodosius I declared Christianity the state religion of Rome, the Christian religion from the previously oppressed people, and finally completed the integration with the imperial regime as a tool for the ruling class.

Brothers Gracchus's death, the senate crazy counterattack, declare any private ownership of public land in Italy and the province of both the private property, a large share of land no longer subject to any restrictions. In this context, small farmers have bankruptcy, the Roman citizens to build their military system has disintegrated, the Roman gradual depletion of manpower, military discipline corrupt, morale and lax, leading to Rome in North Africa Numidia Jugurtha King repeatedly lost the war, Gone. Just then, the Roman military strategist known for a cover about a little horse some reform. Gaius Marius was born in the ordinary peasant family, uneducated. Years of military career, so he not only won the soldiers love and deep understanding of military problems. Marius became consul, he give up the civil service recruitment has produced civil military organization, via mercenary system, where they meet the service conditions of volunteer citizens should raise both the property level Jieke recruitment. Service period of 16 years, the national burden of concurrent salary and salary weaponry, military service was to be divided land. Marius Hai Ba are allies in the Italian city and the identity of recruitment into rural freedmen, together with a large number of non-producing poor are eligible to join the army, the Roman manpower issues are resolved. Marius rectifying discipline, rigorous training, so that the soldiers fighting greatly improved. 107 BC, the horse as consul led his strategy to the training of recruits rushed to the battlefield, reversing a war situation, achieved victory. Marius took the victory over Jugurtha prestige, but also defeated the invasion of Senbu Li Po valley of people, Teutonic, and re-elected 104 BC to 101 BC, the consul. 105 BC, the former living in the Baltic Sea coast Jimuboer and ????? people looking for a new residence, south-west migration. These Germanic tribes pushed into the ? ???? near Duo Luoma wiped out 80,000 troops. Marius led his army defeated the Germans attack, became the most prestigious people of Rome. In the Germans during the war, horses completed a comprehensive military reform strategy. ???? The way in fighting the Germans, Marius military training without relaxation, let the soldiers carry the luggage, long march; To ensure the supply, he also organized the army to build a canal, so that soldiers used earthmoving work. In addition, the horse has always been slightly changed the legend of the formation of Rome ordered the army to expand the tactical unit, Army increased from 4,200 to 6,000. Marius end of military reform, military system Roman citizens to address the decline of small farmers caused by the depletion of manpower, a large number of non-producing poor join the military, both to consolidate the Roman power, and stable society of Rome. But Marius's reform of the original civil mutiny became long-serving professional army, the soldiers became mercenaries who must rely heavily on generals, army generals increasingly become a political ambitions of individuals, the coup to seize power and create civil strife of the tool for the military dictatorship create the conditions for the emergence of political. BC 91, the Paul people revert to the Italian government Drusus allies in civil rights bill, was assassinated, the Italians set off angrily, "Alliance War" (91 BC - 88 BC). Outcome of the war the majority of Italians were Roman citizenship. War in the alliance, the Department will Sura Marius repeatedly Army power, prestige gradually over the horse a little, and made war against Mithridates of command. Sura came from a noble family patriarch, was elected consul for the year 88 BC, after, as if to send representatives to veteran to compete with the horse slightly. The aging horse slightly stand the loneliness and struggle to rise with the Sura. Knight, civilians, men new citizens and veterans of Marius also opposed Sura, support horse slightly commander. Slightly in the horse's instigation, BC 88, Paul Lu Fusi public officials use their control of the one known as "Senate opponents of" armed, forced through the bill, depriving Sura's command, turned slightly to the horse. Sura heard the news, his troops attacked Rome. Roman army to march on Rome, the city itself is unprecedented. Sura soon enter Rome. Marius was forced to flee North Africa. Sura came to power, abolished the civilian session to limit government power to protect the people, the senate was announced as the supreme authority, without Senate approval, civic meetings must not pass any bill. He also assigned 300 followers act as veterans, so the Senate as his personal power tool. BC 87, the Sura his troops set off from Rome, Marius comeback, Qin Na joint consuls, the Roman political control to restore Lu Fusi bill, part of the debt cancellation, increase in food distribution, to implement currency reform. At the same time, they have imposed an unprecedented reign of terror, that political opponents are not legal protection, search Sura his gang, killings continued for five days and nights. http://community.indyalive.com/index.php?do=/zada1/blog/ http://www.free-blog-site.com/zada http://zada1.pagesforeveryone.com/ Near Marian death to lead the troops out of Sura in the Balkans and Asia Minor after the reconstruction of the battlefield killing 16 million people in the rule of Rome, BC 83 years, ran back to the Roman army Sura rates, then fierce civil war. Qin Na is dead now, but he and the horse's rump is still slightly, fighting is very cruel, as much deceased reached 100,000. BC 82, Sura scored Rome, 90 veterans, 15 2600 Senior Executive and the Sura of the enemy knights listed in the list. 1:00 bloody enveloped Rome, many of the nobles and civilians were massacred, their property looted. This may be the city of Rome, the Romans of the Roman biggest massacre.

Dedicated civilians - Brothers Gracchus reforms The middle of the second century BC, Rome became the overlord of the Mediterranean world, its sphere of influence not only cover almost the whole of Italy, but also extended to large areas of the Mediterranean coast, and established many overseas province. Rome as a slave state, heavy use of slave labor. Cruel slave owners slave oppression inevitably aroused strong opposition. At the same time highlighting the domestic land issues, bankruptcy landless peasants wander around and increase social unrest. But also caused a shortage of troops Civil Military System in Crisis (in Rome, the proletariat not perform military service). In order to revitalize the Roman, half of the 2nd century BC, Gracchus brothers launched a resolutely to resolve the land issue as the center of the reform movement. Brothers Gracchus illustrious origin, had received education in the Greek Enlightenment thought, good speech. Brother Tiberius Gracchus young and operations in Carthage, and later the war in Numantiya financial officer has served in the civilian population to enjoy a good reputation. In 133 BC, Tiberius Gracchus was elected to protect public officials. Since assuming office, he first proposed to limit much of the land as the main content of the land reform bill. Tenant lease provision limits state-owned land to recover their excess land to the land redistributed to less and less and landless Roman citizens. Household possession of state-owned land can not be citizens of more than 1,000 Jewish grid (approximately 250 hectares), the excess premium paid by the state after the nationalization, and then divided into cells each of 30 plots of land still to no land of civilians. In order to implement this reform, Tiberius Gracchus proposed a three-member special committee, authorizing them to deal with the recovery and allocation of land for all problems. Bill is proposed, won the support of the civilian population, but was opposed to the rich. They draw and buy Tiberius Gracchus public officer colleagues Paul Octavian, encouraging him to veto the bill passed. Land Act, but later was adopted by majority vote. Octavian was removed. Tiberius himself, his brother Gaiyuegela 18 years old and his father - a founder of the Bill of Apia Ankelaodi was Telibusi selected as the three-member committee. Because rich people make things difficult and complex land relations, ?????? the three committee's work to recover public land very difficult. The summer of that year, Tiberius as a security officer for one year term of office of the public coming to an end. Tiberius protect public officials aware of the permissions for the future implementation of the reform, the significance of protecting the people and decided to re-election official. Nobility unwilling to send veteran failed framed Tiberius is Tyrants and beaten to death by his, while more than 300 supporters were killed. Reformers of the blood, and did not make a complete cessation of the cause of reform, the Senate Terrified civilians dissatisfaction dared not openly abolish the Land Commission. Tiberius, after the sacrifice, the Land Commission added a new member, continue to work. Through their hard work, the Roman peasant economy has been rapid recovery and development. In 123 BC, the ancient Gaiyuegela elected officials protect the public, and inherited the reform of Tiberius. ????? smaller than 9 years old, as he and his brother, and his upright, honest rigorous. But the two in character and style quite different. Tiberius gentle, serious reason; cover about brash and aggressive, impassioned speech on the public more attractive, more dangerous to the conservative elite. Cover some of the reforms have been limited to the Land Act, but to expand and develop the reform movement. Cover about coming to power, launched a land and immigration laws. Land law in general is the Land Law of Tiberius duplication. Immigration Law for the Roman territory no longer meet the domestic needs of the national population growth, provision of ????? in southern Italy and North Africa, the establishment of two colonies of Carthage. Members to participate in immigration generally the most honest of citizens. Another well-known laws are: Food Law. From the state treasury to the form of cheap or free citizens on a regular basis to the urban poor to provide food. Military Service Law. This law shall not be recruited into the armed forces under the age of 17. All conscripts used clothing, rests with the national supply. Province mandate law. The law the Senate must be elected consul, ???? after leaving office before the specified service level of its overseas provinces. In addition, the cover is about the people in the security official term, also proposed and implemented a trial law and the Asia pack tax. According to Justice Act, the court jurors may not like before appointed entirely by the Senate, and replaced by two levels from the Knights and the appointment of veteran all out 300. Asia province bag tax law, will the newly acquired right to tax the region contracted Pergamum Knight, the collection of the province's annual output of 1 / 10 as a tax. However, some of the reforms cover is not perfect, he made to Italy some "allies" to citizenship, which aims for a wider range of supporters want. However, this radical proposal has not only been strongly opposed to veteran camp, and even those who do not want the rights given to Italian civilians also expressed opposition. The loss of civilian support in the summer of 122 BC election (next year) insurance cover public officials about when unsuccessful. http://www.my-life.org/blogs_view.php?id=97 http://karlzachar.crowdvine.com/profiles/92190 http://www.kerchoonz.com/user/zada1/blogs So noble veteran had planned to send in retaliation began. In 121 BC a meeting in Capitolin clashed, although covered about its supporters had strong resistance, but ultimately stand up to organized armed attacks, 3,000 people were killed on the spot. Cover some fled into the jungle, committed suicide in despair.

Flame lit - Olympic roots For modern people, the quadrennial Olympic Games is a big sports event. Recalling the origins of the Olympic Movement can be traced back to ancient Greece 2,000 years ago. According to ancient Greek myths and legends, living in the mountains of the gods Olympian Zeus dominates all things. Greeks to express the respect of the Zeus pray, in the western Peloponnese Olympia grand sacrificial, but also for sprint competitions. To 776 BC, the Greek requirement was held in Olympia every four years, a competitive General Assembly, which is games. This is the first Olympic Games. In fact, the origin of the Olympic Games in addition to worship foreign gods, and social conditions of ancient Greece also has a close relationship. 9-8 century BC, the Greek clan society to gradually collapse, city-state system of slave society evolved, more than 200 wars between city-states constantly. Physical training can be imposed and skilled soldiers as a powerful tool, it has made considerable progress. Later, the king of Sparta, and Elis King signed a "sacred truce on" treaty. Treaty provisions, Olympia is sacred De no war zone, no person shall war Yinru Olympia; during the Olympic Games, all the warring parties to implement the truce, infringing this principle, is the betrayal of God, Ge Jin Xing city have the right to traitor sanctions. Thus, in order to prepare manpower for military training and sports competition, and gradually become the Games of peace and friendship. Ancient Olympic Games has set up 24 events. In addition to those guilty of treason and disrespect of God's people, each with strength, physical flexibility of the Greek citizens can participate in the competition. Only the first 13 sessions of a 200 yards (about 180 m) sprint, only one day of competition. 704 BC, the 14th to the 17th year, gradually increasing in the run and the long-distance running. With the 18th from wrestling and pentathlon. Competition rules and now was different, very interesting. Such as long jump, the athlete should be in each hand holding a stone or metal dumbbell. Ancient Greeks believed that swinging your arms holding dumbbells benefit, increase the strength of the leg stomp. Game and music accompaniment of a flute player wearing a gown, ???? standing long jump pit next to the high platform, with athletes running and jumping in rhythm, playing the appropriate music. A very simple calculation, without special tools, with their feet by the referee measure. Audience was driving his cab while running the project. Competition, the public of horses galloping, rolling wheels, flying dust clouds; audience cheers accompanied by rumbling of the cars, horse neighing, and radius of hundreds of years can feel that warm the atmosphere. Because this game needs to own a horse, and also receive special training, it is always participated in elite representatives. Ancient Olympic Games on the winners of the award in the competition after the end of the ceremony quite grand. Awarded to the championship before the sixth is a sheep. Increased from the seventh highest award of the solemn ceremony of the Olympic Games by the host will crown on the head in the winning players. Corolla with an olive branch be prepared. Ancient Greeks believed that olive trees of Athena in Athens to protect God given world of treasure, a symbol of good luck and happiness. The preparation of corolla very strict. Boys must be alive by the parents, with a gold sword from the temple of Zeus in the olive grove next to the branches cut off, plug in palm leaves, glue colored wool, and carefully prepared. In addition, those who have been a champion can be engraved on the wall in the playground their names; three winning sculptor will be coming to find you a statue, to stand side of the Temple of Zeus. Winners also receive material, financial and other incentives. http://www.postnewz.com/kicksf/ http://www.wikio.co.uk/user/zada1 http://letsdancetv.com/zada1 Win is a great city and the family honor. 77th Ancient Olympic Games winner ????? returned home, 300 youth riding a high first Malaysian white snowflake out of the city. An old man, because he has two sons also victorious return, actually extremely excited to die in the arms of his son. Old games also establish a good campaign style, the winners receive the highest honor, by the universal respect; while those who use unfair means in the Games for cheating people out of the arena will have to be immediately subjected to everyone's ridicule. Olympic Games of ancient Greece is a very important life events, even in time of foreign invasion, as well. Competition during the national holiday in Greece, the Greeks regarded each to see the Olympics as a happy event in life. Various city-states of Greece, as the national games, to strengthen cultural exchanges and trade. In addition, the Games also promote the Greek culture and art, especially sculpture art. The famous Greek sculptor Myron's Discus plastic, muscles strong, smooth lines, accurate and vivid demonstration of a young athlete in the discus throw for a moment before the tension, known as the immortality of art treasures.